Abstract Norma Cole is a poet, translator, visual artist, and educator. Born in Toronto, Canada, she learned French at an early age and received her B.A. in Modern Languages and Literature and M.A. in French Language and Literature from the University of Toronto. She has translated a number of French writers into English, and has published over 30 books and chapbooks of her own poetry, some of which incorporates her visual work. Cole has lived in San Francisco since the early 1970s and has held...